Depression And Bipolar Support Alliance - 993 Words

Depression is a leading cause of death among adolescents- So why aren’t we doing more about it? â€Å"Experts estimate that 5% of all adolescents will suffer from depression. Unfortunately, only 20% of depressed adolescents are appropriately diagnosed and treated† (DBSA). A depressive disorder is a disease that affects mood, thoughts and behavior. It is also the reaction of the human to the unfavorable surroundings or environment. DBSA otherwise known as Depression and Bipolar Support Alliance states, â€Å"When a bad day turns into a bad week, month or more, there may be a medical explanation for this change in behavior of feelings of hopelessness† (DBSA). Many parents may think that a young adolescent is moody or unhappy because it is a natural part of being young and growing up. However, â€Å"Persistent unhappiness or moodiness is not normal for anyone† (DBSA). If depression was better recognized, treatment was more readily available, and depressed ado lescents adhered to treatment, adolescent life could be enjoyed by millions that would otherwise suffer. Without the support of the National and Local media adolescent depression will never be heard of. Society may hear it and talk about it, but nobody truly knows what it is unless they experience it or has someone close to who has it. The media plays a huge role with teenage depression. The school shootings, can be shown that the mass killers who were apart of the shooting had a mental illness, but it was never a big topic that wasShow MoreRelatedDepression And Bipolar Support Alliance1554 Words   |  7 Pagesthat they know. This malady is known as depression affects many people of all kinds every singly year. If the world knew how depression truly affects its victims, it would realize it’s not merely a mood or emotion one experiences, but rather a true and physical disease. According to the Depression and Bipolar Support Alliance in the year 2005, about 14.8 million United States citizens over the age of eighteen were affected by the mental illness, depression (n. pag). Fortunately eighty percent ofRead MoreDepression And Bipolar Support Alliance1375 Words   |  6 PagesDepression and Bipolar Support Alliance (DBSA) is an independent support group that provide a caring environment for people to come together to discuss their challenges and successes in living with a mood disorder, or supporting a loved one with a mood disorder. It provides a forum for mutual understanding, self-discovery, and finding a path to wellness with support from others who have been there. It is a group provides support, outreach and advocacy for people living with mood disorders acrossRead MoreBipolar Disorder Research Paper709 Words   |  3 Pagesok with many flaws. For a person living with bipolar disorder, everyday life can potentially be a coin flip: how you are one d ay may be very different than how you are on another. According to the Depression and Bipolar Support Alliance (DBSA), nearly six (6) million adult Americans are affected by bipolar disorder (â€Å"About†). A major obstacle for those dealing with Bipolar can be a lack of help. According to the Center of Disease Control (CDC), Bipolar disorder has been deemed the most expensive behavioralRead MoreBipolar And Related Disorders ( Bipolar )1289 Words   |  6 Pages Bipolar and related disorders Justin Rodriguez Professor Hanselman Social Psychological Counseling Cumberland County College April 21, 2015 April 21, 2015 Abstract Bipolar Disorder (BD), also known as manic depression, is a mood disorder that is thought to affect some 5.5 million Americans, or 2.6 percent of the population (Treatment Advocacy Center). This paper explores Bipolar I, Bipolar II, Cyclothymic disorder, their features, and treatments. Also discussed is the progression of BipolarRead MoreBipolar Is The Most Severe Form Of This Illness1561 Words   |  7 PagesCognitive Psychology Bipolar I Disorder December 4, 2015 â€Æ' Bipolar I Disorder Background There are a wide range of mental disorders, also know also mental illnesses. The conditions of them affect mood, thinking, and behavior. The most common types include major depressions, anxiety disorder, schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, just to name a few. For this paper I am going to discuss and focus on bipolar I disorder being that it is the most severe form of this illness. Bipolar Disorder is a seriousRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Bipolar Disorder1125 Words   |  5 Pageshas been diagnosed with several mental disorders. The major diagnosis would be bipolar disorder. She also suffers from borderline personality disorder, Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and anxiety. The American Psychiatric Association s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder defines bipolar disorder as a recurrent mood disorder that includes periods of mania or mixed episodes of mania and depression (Murphy, 2012, p. 44-50). It was previously known as manic depressive disorderRead MoreBipolar Disorder And Its Effects On The Patient s Life1203 Words   |  5 Pageshealth disorders, one of the most common is Bipolar Disorder. According to the Depression and Bipolar Support Alliance (DBSA), Bipolar Disorder affects as much as 2.6% of the adult population. The effects of Bipolar Disorder can range from mild (having little impact on the patient’s day to day life) to severe (making the patient’s life debilitating and nonfunctioning). Bipolar Disorder also has a devastating effect on the patient’s friends and family. Bipolar Disorder is one of the most common mentalRead MoreBipolar Disorder And Its Effects On The Patients Life1196 Words   |  5 Pageshealth disorders, one of the most common is Bipolar Disorder. According to the Depression and Bipolar Support Alliance (DBSA), Bipolar Disorder affects as much as 2.6% of the adult population. The effects of Bipolar Disorder can range from mild (having little impact on the patient’s day to day life) to severe (making the patient’s life debilitating and nonfunctioning). Bipolar Disorder also has a devastating effect on the patient’s friends and family. Bipolar Disorder is one of the most common mentalRead MoreBipolar : Symptoms And Treatments1301 Words   |  6 Pages BIPOLAR Rosa Hernandez Jersey College January 29, 2016 BIPOLAR Bipolar disorder is a disabling illness, with its extreme mood swings from depression to mania. Bipolar used to be called manic depressive disorder. Bipolar disorder is very seriousRead MoreFilm Review : Shutter Island1045 Words   |  5 PagesThe aim of this paper is to understand Bipolar disorder through the film, Shutter Island, directed by Martin Scorcese and the main character in the movie, Leonardo Dicaprio /Andrew Laeddis/ Teddy Daniels. Throughout this paper Bipolar disorder will be explained in detail followed by possible treatments, symptoms, causes and maniac episodes that the character demonstrates. According to the National Institute of Mental Health, â€Å"Bipolar disorder also known as manic-depressive illness, is a brain disorder

Sexual Expression Defining Joyce’s Characters Essays

Sexual Expression: Defining Joyce’s Characters James Joyce uses sexuality throughout his works to establish an intimate and relatable bond between the reader and the characters in his works. All of Joyce’s works address issues in sexuality, which presents the idea that sexuality was of upmost importance to him. Given that sex is a large part of human existence, it is a good way to get the attention of the reader. A substantial amount of characters throughout Ulysses and A Portrait of the Artist as A Young Man are driven by sexual desire. In fact, there is so much sex throughout in Ulysses that â€Å"early publishers and critics refused to publish it because of its vulgarity; the sexuality featured in Ulysses was part of the claims that the†¦show more content†¦Leopold Bloom and his wife Molly Bloom have not engaged in sexual activity since the death of their son, Rudy Bloom, which was long over ten years ago. As an alternative, Bloom seeks other minor ways to please himself sexually throughout the day, mostly whi le he is in public. In â€Å"Calypso,† he admires a young woman in the butcher shop and hopes he can catch up to her when he is through making his purchase, but he fails miserably as his view of her becomes blocked. â€Å"To catch up and walk behind her if she went slowly, behind her moving hams. Pleasant to see first thing in the morning. Hurry up, damn it† (U4 170-73). Bloom also exchanges love letters with a woman named Martha. Martha has written in her letters that she dreams of meeting Bloom, but he constantly shuts her down and continues to deny her request. â€Å"Dear Henry, when will we meet? I think of you so often you have no idea† (U5 249). Bloom seems to pity him self when it comes to women and sexual relations. All he wants is sexual affection, but one of the only ways that he ever achieves that is through masturbation. It is prevalent that Bloom lacks sexual power. Bloom and Martha seem to have two different ideas of what they want from each othe r. Martha is extremely playful in calling Bloom â€Å"naughty,† while Bloom seems to get annoyed by Martha’s passionate suggestions. He wants to keep in touch with Martha, but he definitely does not want to meet her. This is Leopold Bloom asking to be wanted, becauseShow MoreRelated The Key Elements of A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man Essay1853 Words   |  8 PagesThe Key Elements of A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   James Joyces A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man provides an introspective exploration of an Irish Catholic upbringing. To provide the reader with a proper interpretation, Joyce permeates the story with vivid imagery and a variety of linguistic devices. This paper will provide an in-depth of analysis of the work by examining its key elements. The central theme of A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man is Stephen DedalusRead MoreThe History of Modernist Literature2326 Words   |  9 Pagesnotoriously explicit about depicting sex. Indeed much of the history of Modernist literature involves censorship and legal embargoes against work which was deemed too obscene to be permitted general availability and Modernist novels ranging from Joyces Ulysses to Henry Millers Tropic of Cancer would have to overcome legal hurdles before they could be read. The importance of Paris as a center for publication activity cannot be understated here: both James Joyce and Henry Miller were able to haveRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesDiversity 40 Demographic Characteristics of the U.S. Workforce 41 †¢ Levels of Diversity 42 †¢ Discrimination 42 Biographical Characteristics 44 Age 44 †¢ Sex 46 †¢ Race and Ethnicit y 48 †¢ Disability 48 †¢ Other Biographical Characteristics: Tenure, Religion, Sexual Orientation, and Gender Identity 50 Ability 52 Intellectual Abilities 52 †¢ Physical Abilities 55 †¢ The Role of Disabilities 56 Implementing Diversity Management Strategies 56 Attracting, Selecting, Developing, and Retaining Diverse Employees 56 †¢

Study Guide Free Essays

Test 3 Study Guide 1. In melting pot assimilation, each group: 2. The split labor market causes fears about: 3. We will write a custom essay sample on Study Guide or any similar topic only for you Order Now Displacement in a split labor market refers to displacing: 4. Prejudice is a: 5. Prejudice is an overt act barring people from social institutions: 6. In the US, the largest minority group is: 7. Institutional discrimination: 8. The minority group that has the lowest life expectancy: 9. Assimilation and pluralism: 10. The Chinese have a history of being assimilated into American Culture rapidly 11. Jewish Americans are distinguished from the majority of Americans on the basis of their 12. Minority groups are that: 13. Jobs in the secondary work force are being moved to third world countries where women work for low wages 14. Swedish women receive one year paid when they have ababy 15. One major reason women earn less then men is that 16. Gender is differentiated from sex in that gender pertains to 17. In the US women’s movement focused on 18. Gender roles in a society are related to structure 19. S. F believe women in the work force will 20. Women;s economic role in society is 21. When wives work and husbands are unemployed 22. Women’s negative self perceptions are often based on 23. At the beginning of the 20th C 24. Medieval women 25. The word career describes any job 26. The function of social placement means that families 27. In dual career familes, household chores are usually assigned to 28. All societies have norms of both exogamy and endogamy 29. Choice of marriage partner is regulated in the US by norms of 30. Childbearing is a natural drive that over the years have been inhibited 1. The chief means of sexual regulation is by 32. A child is born and raised in his or her family of procreation 33. The most common form of polygamy is 34. A one parent family is usually 35. The structure of families is 36. In ? The marriage rate reached an unprecented and to date unsurpassed peak 37. Heterosexual cohabitation is 38. The sacred was defined by Derkheim as anything 39. Animism is a type of religion involving 40. The belied in supernatural powers is 41. Another function of religion is to reinforce social control 2. Religious systems are 43. New religious movements in the US reflect the social need for 44. Shamanism is a type of religion in which centers on the 45. Religion develops out of group experiences 46. Scared things have a sacred quality recognized in all societies 47. A cult differs from a sect in that a cult 48. All religions have sacred objects and beliefs even when they have no organization 49. American denomenations are distinguished on the basis of 50. One function of religion is to preserve and solidify the society How to cite Study Guide, Papers Study Guide Free Essays Give an example. Write the steps of a Graphing Utility to evaluate your Binomial Coefficient and the final answer. Binomial coefficients are a family of positive integers that occurs as coefficients in the binomial theorem. We will write a custom essay sample on Study Guide or any similar topic only for you Order Now (10:10) =101/10! Final answer Is 1. Explain the fundamental counting principle In two to three sentences. Give an example. The principle states that If a sequence of m outcomes can occur In such a ay that the first outcome can occur In nil ways, the second can occur In NM ways, then the number of ways that Is sequence can result Is ways. Example: I go to a restaurant to get some breakfast. The menu says pancakes, waffles, or home fries. And to drink, coffee, juice, hot chocolate, and tea. How many different choices of food and drink do you have? The 3 choices for food and 4 choices for drink; thus, I have a total of 3*4= 12 choices State the difference between permutation and combination. The difference is that if the order doesn’t matter, it’s a combination and if the order goes matter it is a permutation. 4. There are 14 performers who will present their comedy acts this weekend at a comedy club. One of the performers insists on being the last stand-up comic of the evening, and one of the performers wants to be the first. How to cite Study Guide, Papers Study guide Free Essays The candidates of the minority were hired; everyone was trained in on the COOPS program to learn and understand. The knowledge of what is expected from the citizens and the department had to become one. It wasn’t us versus them, it was all for one. We will write a custom essay sample on Study guide or any similar topic only for you Order Now COOPS philosophy is that you Improve the community by quality and quantity of legislations and with that the quality of life will Increase. Communities want a sense of belonging and know they have trust and a common goal between the police department and them. The philosophy includes having knowledge of who lives in the community and what they are concerned with. Skills that are needed, is personality and good communication. Citizens want to talk to a knowledgeable individual, not to a wall; the ability to speak on different levels of education and ages in the community. The Police will need to work on sharing Information between each other, communication goes both ways. They also need to face problems being proactive, not reactive. Resolving the problem right there and then, not letting the individual wait for an answer by your supervisor. If it is a simple request you should be able to handle it, without repercussion. Some attributes to look for on the screening process, would be problem-solving skills, communication and leadership ability. All three are Important and should be considered Important part of the COOPS program. Having the understanding of the mission statement and the COOPS program will make them a better Police Officer and successful. Case Study #1 Adapting to the Role: The Laissez-Fairer Supervisor SST. Gresham wanted to keep his relationship as a patrol officer than being a supervisor. Being his crews friend was more important to him, than making sure they did the Job correctly and within the law and regulations. Socializing with them after work and being called by his first name brought him down, Instead of up a level. As a supervisor you should have a presence, within the group, but not be a part of the group. As SST. Graham’s supervisor I would sit him down and discussion the good and bad of his leadership skill and style. There isn’t one way of being a leader and his should explore other options to be well rounded Individual and super leader. Maybe guide him to courses on becoming a new supervisor and mentor him or find someone else to mentor him. Some people are more of a number person, so show him the numbers of reports or cases before he was the supervisor and now when he s. Maybe that will get his attention. I would reassure him that he was picked because of his leadership abilities, but now has to act upon them. Some corrective action that SST. Gresham should take with his team is have a one on one conversation of what was happening and what needs to happen. After everyone has been talked to have a group meeting, so everyone hears the same thing Once everyone has been counseled, you can address issues when they are brought to your attention or on individual bases once you reviewed the reports. How to cite Study guide, Papers Study Guide Free Essays string(90) " is the amount of the firm’s operating cash flow if the tax rate is 35 percent\? a\." Exam 1 FIN370 Fall 2011 – Version B Key 1. You are analyzing a company that has cash of $2,000, accounts receivable of $3,700, fixed assets of $10,900, accounts payable of $6,600, and inventory of $4,100. What is the quick ratio? a. We will write a custom essay sample on Study Guide or any similar topic only for you Order Now 1. 48 B. .86 c. 3. 30 d. .67 e. .30 BLOOMS TAXONOMY QUESTION TYPE: APPLICATION LEARNING OBJECTIVE NUMBER: 2 LEVEL OF DIFFICULTY: BASIC Ross – Chapter 003 #45 SECTION: 3. 2 TOPIC: QUICK RATIO TYPE: PROBLEMS 2. Solomon, Inc. has net sales of $745,100 and costs of $590,800. The depreciation expense is $82,600 and the interest paid is $15,500. What is the amount of the firm’s operating cash flow if the tax rate is 35 percent? a. You read "Study Guide" in category "Essay examples" $46,605 b. $52,030 c. $71,700 D. $134,630 e. $105,720 BLOOMS TAXONOMY QUESTION TYPE: APPLICATION LEARNING OBJECTIVE NUMBER: 4 LEVEL OF DIFFICULTY: INTERMEDIATE Ross – Chapter 002 #83 SECTION: 2. 4 TOPIC: OPERATING CASH FLOW TYPE: PROBLEMS 3. Which one of the following statements is correct? A. The NYSE has the most stringent listing requirements. b. The trading floor for NASDAQ is located in Chicago. c. The majority of the publicly traded firms in the U. S. are listed on the NYSE. d. NASDAQ is an auction market. e. The NYSE is a dealer market. BLOOMS TAXONOMY QUESTION TYPE: COMPREHENSION LEVEL OF DIFFICULTY: INTERMEDIATE Ross – Chapter 001 #59 SECTION: 1. 6 TOPIC: STOCK EXCHANGES TYPE: CONCEPTS 4. The Laptop Company has sales of $874,000, a profit margin of 9 percent, a total asset turnover rate of . 80, and an equity multiplier of 1. 75. What is the return on equity? a. 15. 75 percent B. 12. 60 percent c. 10. 86 percent d. 7. 20 percent e. 5. 14 percent BLOOMS TAXONOMY QUESTION TYPE: APPLICATION LEARNING OBJECTIVE NUMBER: 3 LEVEL OF DIFFICULTY: BASIC Ross – Chapter 003 #81 SECTION: 3. 3 TOPIC: DU PONT IDENTITY TYPE: PROBLEMS 5. A sole proprietorship: . is taxed as a separate legal entity. b. involves significant legal costs during the formation process. c. can generally raise significant capital from non-owner sources. d. has an unlimited life. E. is relatively easy to create. BLOOMS TAXONOMY QUESTION TYPE: KNOWLEDGE LEARNING OBJECTIVE NUMBER: 3 LEVEL OF DIFFICULTY: BASIC Ross – Chapter 001 #22 SECTIO N: 1. 3 TOPIC: SOLE PROPRIETORSHIP TYPE: CONCEPTS 6. Which of the following correctly describe a dealer market? I. Dealers match buyers with sellers. II. Dealers buy and sell for themselves at their own risk. III. Dealer trading occurs over-the-counter. IV. Dealer transactions occur on a trading floor. a. I and III only b. I and IV only c. II and IV only d. I, II, and III only E. II and III only BLOOMS TAXONOMY QUESTION TYPE: COMPREHENSION LEVEL OF DIFFICULTY: INTERMEDIATE Ross – Chapter 001 #57 SECTION: 1. 6 TOPIC: DEALER MARKET TYPE: CONCEPTS 7. Which one of the following will increase the future value of a lump sum invested today? a. shortening the investment time period b. decreasing the amount of the lump sum C. increasing the rate of interest d. paying interest only at the end of the investment period e. paying simple interest rather than compound interest BLOOMS TAXONOMY QUESTION TYPE: COMPREHENSION LEARNING OBJECTIVE NUMBER: 1 LEVEL OF DIFFICULTY: BASIC Ross – Chapter 004 #10 SECTION: 4. 1 TOPIC: FUTURE VALUE TYPE: CONCEPTS 8. Karen has $16,000 that she wants to invest for 1 year. She can invest this amount at The North Bank and earn 5. 50 percent simple interest. Or, she can open an account at The South Bank and earn 5. 39 percent interest, compounded monthly. If Karen decides to invest at The North Bank, she will:   a. have a total balance of $16,862. 40 in her account after 1 year. b. have a total balance of $16,800 in her account after 1 year. c. arn the same amount as if she had invested with The South Bank. D. earn $4. 03 less than if she had invested with The South Bank. e. earn $17. 60 more than if she had invested with The South Bank. BLOOMS TAXONOMY QUESTION TYPE: APPLICATION LEARNING OBJECTIVE NUMBER: 1 LEVEL OF DIFFICULTY: INTERMEDIATE Ross – Chapter 004 #33 SECTION: 4. 1 TOPIC: SIMPLE VERSUS COMPOUND INTE REST TYPE: PROBLEMS 9. You want to invest an amount of money today and receive back twice that amount in the future. You expect to earn 6 percent interest. Approximately how long must you wait for your investment to double in value? . 6 years b. 10 years c. 9 years D. 12 years e. 8 years BLOOMS TAXONOMY QUESTION TYPE: KNOWLEDGE LEARNING OBJECTIVE NUMBER: 4 LEVEL OF DIFFICULTY: BASIC Ross – Chapter 004 #27 SECTION: 4. 3 TOPIC: RULE OF 72 TYPE: CONCEPTS 10. You have $2,000 today and want to quadruple your money in 10 years. What interest rate must you earn? a. 23. 11 percent b. 11. 61 percent c. 20. 13 percent d. 7. 18 percent E. 14. 87 percent BLOOMS TAXONOMY QUESTION TYPE: APPLICATION LEARNING OBJECTIVE NUMBER: 3 LEVEL OF DIFFICULTY: BASIC Ross – Chapter 004 #50 SECTION: 4. 3 TOPIC: INTEREST RATE TYPE: PROBLEMS 11. Which one of the following actions will decrease the current ratio, all else constant? Assume the current ratio is greater than 1. 0. a. collecting payment from a customer B. purchasing inventory on credit c. selling inventory at a profit in a charge sale d. paying an account payable e. selling inventory at cost in a cash sale BLOOMS TAXONOMY QUESTION TYPE: APPLICATION LEARNING OBJECTIVE NUMBER: 2 LEVEL OF DIFFICULTY: INTERMEDIATE Ross – Chapter 003 #11 SECTION: 3. 2 TOPIC: CURRENT RATIO TYPE: CONCEPTS 12. Today, you deposit $10,750 in a bank account that pays 3 percent simple interest. How much interest will you earn over the next 7 years? a. $2,086. 06 B. $2,257. 50 c. $2,471. 14 d. $2,580. 00 e. $1,935. 00 BLOOMS TAXONOMY QUESTION TYPE: APPLICATION LEARNING OBJECTIVE NUMBER: 1 LEVEL OF DIFFICULTY: BASIC Ross – Chapter 004 #28 SECTION: 4. 1 TOPIC: SIMPLE INTEREST TYPE: PROBLEMS 13. Grandel, Inc. has current liabilities of $10,200 and accounts receivable of $14,800. The firm has total assets of $39,700 and net fixed assets of $18,900. The owners’ equity has a book value of $16,500. What is the amount of the net working capital? a. $23,200 B. $10,600 c. $20,800 d. $31,000 e. 25,400 BLOOMS TAXONOMY QUESTION TYPE: APPLICATION LEVEL OF DIFFICULTY: INTERMEDIATE Ross – Chapter 002 #59 SECTION: 2. 1 TOPIC: NET WORKING CAPITAL TYPE: PROBLEMS 14. A firm has a return on equity of 14 percent, a return on assets of 9. 5 percent, and a 30 percent dividend payout ratio. What is the sustainable growth rate? A. 10. 86 percent b. 7. 12 percent c. 9. 58 percent d. 4. 38 percent e. 2. 93 percent BLOOMS TAXONOMY QUESTION TYPE: APPLICATION LEARNING OBJECTIVE NUMBER: 3 LEVEL OF DIFFICULTY: BASIC Ross – Chapter 003 #102 SECTION: 3. 4 TOPIC: SUSTAINABLE GROWTH RATE TYPE: PROBLEMS 15. The value of an investment after one or more time periods is called the:   a. complex value. B. future value. c. true value. d. present value. e. discounted value. BLOOMS TAXONOMY QUESTION TYPE: KNOWLEDGE LEVEL OF DIFFICULTY: BASIC Ross – Chapter 004 #1 SECTION: 4. 1 TOPIC: FUTURE VALUE TYPE: DEFINITIONS 16. A firm has inventory of $1,200, accounts payable of $600, cash of $130, net fixed assets of $2,100, long-term debt of $1,900, accounts receivable of $400, and total equity of $1,330. What is the common-size percentage for the net fixed assets? a. 56. 76 percent B. 54. 83 percent c. 65. 02 percent . 61. 22 percent e. 63. 36 percent BLOOMS TAXONOMY QUESTION TYPE: APPLICATION LEARNING OBJECTIVE NUMBER: 1 LEVEL OF DIFFICULTY: INTERMEDIATE Ross – Chapter 003 #37 SECTION: 3. 1 TOPIC: COMMON-SIZE STATEMENTS TYPE: PROBLEMS 17. The Fruit Co. has total assets of $7,800, fixed assets of $7,100, current liabilities of $1,500, and long-term liabilities of $4,600. What is the t otal debt ratio? a. .60 b. .86 C. .78 d. .65 e. .41 BLOOMS TAXONOMY QUESTION TYPE: APPLICATION LEARNING OBJECTIVE NUMBER: 2 LEVEL OF DIFFICULTY: BASIC Ross – Chapter 003 #49 SECTION: 3. 2 TOPIC: TOTAL DEBT RATIO TYPE: PROBLEMS 18. The financial statements of Classic Collectables reflect cash of $15,800, accounts receivable of $31,600, accounts payable of $40,100, inventory of $54,700, long-term debt of $60,000, and net fixed assets of $99,500. The firm estimates that if it wanted to cease operations today it could sell the inventory for $39,000 and the fixed assets for $77,000. What is the market value of the assets? a. $63,300 b. $181,700 c. $201,600 D. $163,400 e. $101,500 BLOOMS TAXONOMY QUESTION TYPE: APPLICATION LEARNING OBJECTIVE NUMBER: 1 LEVEL OF DIFFICULTY: BASIC Ross – Chapter 002 #70 SECTION: 2. 1 TOPIC: MARKET VALUE TYPE: PROBLEMS 19. Theresa sold 300 shares of MNO stock on the NYSE today. This transaction occurred in:   a. a private placement. b. the over-the-counter market. C. the secondary market. d. a dealer market. e. the primary market. BLOOMS TAXONOMY QUESTION TYPE: KNOWLEDGE LEVEL OF DIFFICULTY: BASIC Ross – Chapter 001 #53 SECTION: 1. 6 TOPIC: SECONDARY MARKET TYPE: CONCEPTS 20. The Bake Shoppe has net working capital of $6,100, long-term debt of $10,400, total debt of $15,200, and owners’ equity of $18,900. What is the value of The Bake Shoppe’s net fixed assets? A. $23,200 b. $16,500 c. $12,800 d. 21,300 e. $18,900 BLOOMS TAXONOMY QUESTION TYPE: APPLICATION LEVEL OF DIFFICULTY: INTERMEDIATE Ross – Chapter 002 #56 SECTION: 2. 1 TOPIC: NET FIXED ASSETS TYPE: PROBLEMS 21. A common-size income statement: I. expresses all values as a percent of total assets. II. should reflect a relatively constant cost of goods sold unless a firm changed the percent that it u ses to mark up the wholesale price to get the retail price. III. expresses net income as 100 percent. IV. can be used to compare the performance of a firm both over time and against its industry. a. II, III, and IV only B. II and IV only c. I and III only d. III and IV only e. I, II, and III only BLOOMS TAXONOMY QUESTION TYPE: APPLICATION LEARNING OBJECTIVE NUMBER: 1 LEVEL OF DIFFICULTY: INTERMEDIATE Ross – Chapter 003 #8 SECTION: 3. 1 TOPIC: COMMON-SIZE STATEMENT TYPE: CONCEPTS 22. An increase in which of the following will increase the future value of a lump sum investment made today assuming that all interest is reinvested? Assume the interest rate is a positive value. I. interest rate II. amount of the lump sum III. frequency of the interest payments IV. length of the investment period a. II, III, and IV only B. I, II, III, and IV . II and IV only d. I, II, and IV only e. I and III only BLOOMS TAXONOMY QUESTION TYPE: COMPREHENSION LEARNING OBJECTIVE NUMBER: 1 LEVEL OF DIFFICULTY: INTERMEDIATE Ross – Chapter 004 #17 SECTION: 4. 1 TOPIC: FUTURE VALUE TYPE: CONCEPTS 23. An expense that lowers net income but does not affect a firm’s cash flow is referred to as a(n):   a. direct cost. B. noncash it em. c. variable cost. d. period cost. e. indirect cost. BLOOMS TAXONOMY QUESTION TYPE: KNOWLEDGE LEARNING OBJECTIVE NUMBER: 2 LEVEL OF DIFFICULTY: BASIC Ross – Chapter 002 #4 SECTION: 2. 2 TOPIC: NONCASH ITEMS TYPE: DEFINITIONS 24. By definition, a bank that pays simple interest on a savings account will pay interest:   a. on both the initial investment and all prior interest payments that are reinvested. b. only if all previous interest payments are reinvested. c. only at the end of the investment period. D. only on the initial investment. e. only at the beginning of the investment period. BLOOMS TAXONOMY QUESTION TYPE: KNOWLEDGE LEVEL OF DIFFICULTY: BASIC Ross – Chapter 004 #5 SECTION: 4. 1 TOPIC: SIMPLE INTEREST TYPE: DEFINITIONS 25. Working capital management includes which of the following? I. establishing the inventory level II. eciding when to pay suppliers III. determining the amount of cash needed on a daily basis IV. establishing credit terms for customers a. I and II only b. I, II, and III only c. I, II, and IV only D. I, II, III, and IV e. III and IV only BLOOMS TAXONOMY QUESTION TYPE: KNOWLEDGE LEARNING OBJECTIVE NUMBER: 1 LEVEL OF DIFFICULTY: INTERMEDIATE Ross – Chapter 001 #20 SEC TION: 1. 2 TOPIC: WORKING CAPITAL MANAGEMENT TYPE: CONCEPTS 26. The financial statement that summarizes a firm’s operations over a period of time is called a(n):   A. income statement. b. production report. c. cash flow statement. d. balance sheet. e. eriodic operating statement. BLOOMS TAXONOMY QUESTION TYPE: KNOWLEDGE LEARNING OBJECTIVE NUMBER: 2 LEVEL OF DIFFICULTY: BASIC Ross – Chapter 002 #3 SECTION: 2. 2 TOPIC: INCOME STATEMENT TYPE: DEFINITIONS 27. The average tax rate is defined as the: A. total taxes divided by total taxable income. b. total tax paid divided by total revenue. c. amount of tax due on the next dollar of taxable income. d. amount of tax due on the next dollar of revenue. e. total tax paid divided by total assets. BLOOMS TAXONOMY QUESTION TYPE: KNOWLEDGE LEARNING OBJECTIVE NUMBER: 3 LEVEL OF DIFFICULTY: BASIC Ross – Chapter 002 #5 SECTION: 2. TOPIC: AVERAGE TAX RATE TYPE: DEFINITIONS 28. The potential conflict of interest between a firmâ €™s owners and its managers is referred to as a(n):   a. structure problem. b. organizational problem. c. control issue. d. management conflict. E. agency problem. BLOOMS TAXONOMY QUESTION TYPE: KNOWLEDGE LEARNING OBJECTIVE NUMBER: 4 LEVEL OF DIFFICULTY: BASIC Ross – Chapter 001 #7 SECTION: 1. 5 TOPIC: AGENCY PROBLEM TYPE: DEFINITIONS 29. Anderson Enterprises currently has $400 in cash. The company owes $1,200 to suppliers for merchandise and $4,500 to the bank for a long-term loan. Customers owe Anderson’s $1,900. The inventory has a book value of $3,700 and an estimated market value of $4,400. If Anderson’s compiled a financial statement today, how much would it show as the value of the current assets? a. $6,700 b. $5,200 c. $5,600 D. $6,000 e. $6,300 BLOOMS TAXONOMY QUESTION TYPE: APPLICATION LEVEL OF DIFFICULTY: BASIC Ross – Chapter 002 #55 SECTION: 2. 1 TOPIC: CURRENT ASSETS TYPE: PROBLEMS 30. The internal growth rate is best described as the _____ growth rate achievable _____. A. maximum; without any additional external financing of any type b. minimum; if a firm maintains a constant debt-equity ratio c. aximum; without any additional external equity financing d. minimum; if a firm retains all of its net income e. maximum; if external debt financing is maximized BLOOMS TAXONOMY QUESTION TYPE: KNOWLEDGE LEARNING OBJECTIVE NUMBER: 2 LEVEL OF DIFFICULTY: BASIC Ross – Chapter 003 #4 SECTION: 3. 4 TOPIC: INTERNAL GROWTH RATE TYPE: DEFINITIONS 31. A business organization ow ned by two or more individuals or entities, each of whom has unlimited liability for the firm’s debts, is called a:   a. dual company. b. joint stock company. c. limited partnership. D. general partnership. e. limited liability company. BLOOMS TAXONOMY QUESTION TYPE: KNOWLEDGE LEARNING OBJECTIVE NUMBER: 3 LEVEL OF DIFFICULTY: BASIC Ross – Chapter 001 #5 SECTION: 1. 3 TOPIC: GENERAL PARTNERSHIP TYPE: DEFINITIONS 32. Thirteen years from now, you will be inheriting $30,000. What is this inheritance worth to you today if you can earn 4 percent interest compounded annually? A. $18,017. 22 b. $20,741. 87 c. $28,846. 15 d. $23,190. 98 e. $26,359. 88 BLOOMS TAXONOMY QUESTION TYPE: APPLICATION LEARNING OBJECTIVE NUMBER: 2 LEVEL OF DIFFICULTY: BASIC Ross – Chapter 004 #43 SECTION: 4. 2 TOPIC: PRESENT VALUE TYPE: PROBLEMS 33. A firm has a times interest earned ratio of 2. This means that the firm has twice as much:   A. earnings before interest and taxes as it does interest expense. b. interest expense as it does earnings before interest and taxes. c. interest expense as it does net income. d. operating cash flow as it does interest expense. e. net income as it does interest expense. BLOOMS TAXONOMY QUESTION TYPE: KNOWLEDGE LEARNING OBJECTIVE NUMBER: 2 LEVEL OF DIFFICULTY: BASIC Ross – Chapter 003 #16 SECTION: 3. 2 TOPIC: TIMES INTEREST EARNED TYPE: CONCEPTS 34. The process of adding the interest earned on an investment to the original investment in order to earn more interest is called:   A. ompounding. b. multiplying. c. discounting. d. indexing. e. duplicating. BLOOMS TAXONOMY QUESTION TYPE: KNOWLEDGE LEVEL OF DIFFICULTY: BASIC Ross – Chapter 004 #2 SECTION: 4. 1 TOPIC: COMPOUNDING TYPE: DEFINITIONS 35. The current value of future cash flows discounted at the appropriate discount rate is called the:   a. principal value. b. futu re value. c. simple value. d. complex value. E. present value. BLOOMS TAXONOMY QUESTION TYPE: KNOWLEDGE LEVEL OF DIFFICULTY: BASIC Ross – Chapter 004 #6 SECTION: 4. 2 TOPIC: PRESENT VALUE TYPE: DEFINITIONS 36. The profit margin is the amount of net profit earned for every $1 of:   a. xternal financing. b. total assets. c. long-term debt. d. equity. E. sales. BLOOMS TAXONOMY QUESTION TYPE: KNOWLEDGE LEARNING OBJECTIVE NUMBER: 2 LEVEL OF DIFFICULTY: BASIC Ross – Chapter 003 #21 SECTION: 3. 2 TOPIC: PROFIT MARGIN TYPE: CONCEPTS 37. The sustainable growth rate is best described as the _____ growth rate achievable _____. a. minimum; if a firm ceases all dividend payments b. maximum; if external debt financing is maximized C. maximum; if a firm maintains a constant debt-equity ratio and does not issue any additional equity securities d. maximum; without external financing of any kind e. inimum; if a firm maintains a constant equity multiplier BLOOMS TAXONOMY QUESTION TYPE: KNOWLEDGE LEARNING OBJECTIVE NUMBER: 2 LEVEL OF DIFFICULTY: BASIC Ross – Chapter 003 #5 SECTION: 3. 4 TOPIC: SUSTAINABLE GROWTH RATE TYPE: DEFINITIONS 38. Which of the following are advantages of the corporate form of organization? I. ability to raise large sums of capital II. ease of ownership transfer III. corporate taxation IV. unlimited firm life a. I and II only B. I, II, and IV only c. I, II, III, and IV d. III and IV only e. II, III, and IV only BLOOMS TAXONOMY QUESTION TYPE: KNOWLEDGE LEARNING OBJECTIVE NUMBER: 3 LEVEL OF DIFFICULTY: INTERMEDIATE Ross – Chapter 001 #32 SECTION: 1. 3 TOPIC: CORPORATION TYPE: CONCEPTS 39. When net new borrowings are subtracted from the interest payments a firm pays to its creditors the result is called the:   A. cash flow to creditors. b. change in net working capital. c. cash flow from assets. d. operating cash flow. e. free cash flow. BLOOMS TAXONOMY QUESTION TYPE: KNOWLEDGE LEARNING OBJECTIVE NUMBER: 4 LEVEL OF DIFFICULTY: BASIC Ross – Chapter 002 #10 SECTION: 2. 4 TOPIC: CASH FLOW TO CREDITORS TYPE: DEFINITIONS 40. The primary goal of financial management is to maximize the:   A. arket value of the existing stock. b. revenue growth. c. current net income. d. net working capital. e. the number of shares outstanding. BLOOMS TAXONOMY QUESTION TYPE: KNOWLEDGE LEARNING OBJECTIVE NUMBER: 2 LEVEL OF DIFFICULTY: BASIC Ross – Chapter 001 #36 SECTION: 1. 4 TOPIC: GOAL OF FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT TYPE: CONCEPTS 41. Your parents just gave you a gif t of $25,000. You are investing this money for 5 years at 2. 5 percent simple interest. How much money will you have at the end of the 5 years? a. $27,595 b. $28,750 c. $28,285 d. $27,500 E. $28,125 BLOOMS TAXONOMY QUESTION TYPE: APPLICATION LEARNING OBJECTIVE NUMBER: 1 LEVEL OF DIFFICULTY: BASIC Ross – Chapter 004 #29 SECTION: 4. 1 TOPIC: SIMPLE INTEREST TYPE: PROBLEMS 42. The cash generated from a firm’s normal business activities is referred to as the firm’s:   a. addition to net working capital. b. operating margin. c. net profit. D. operating cash flow. e. addition to retained earnings. BLOOMS TAXONOMY QUESTION TYPE: KNOWLEDGE LEARNING OBJECTIVE NUMBER: 4 LEVEL OF DIFFICULTY: BASIC Ross – Chapter 002 #8 SECTION: 2. 4 TOPIC: OPERATING CASH FLOW TYPE: DEFINITIONS 43. Net working capital is defined as: a. cash minus current liabilities. b. current assets plus current liabilities. C. urrent assets minus current liabilities. d. cash, accounts receivable, and inventory. e. current assets. BLOOMS TAXONOMY QUESTION TYPE: KNOWLEDGE LEVEL OF DIFFICULTY: BASIC Ross – Chapter 002 #1 SECTION: 2. 1 TOPIC: NET WORKING CAPITAL TYPE: DEFINITIONS 44. Auction markets: I. match sellers with buyers. II. have a physical location. III. consist solely of electronic trades. IV. are based on dealers. a. III only B. I and II only c. II only d. III and IV only e. I, III, and IV only BLOOMS TAXONOMY QUESTION TYPE: KNOWLEDGE LEVEL OF DIFFICULTY: INTERMEDIATE Ross – Chapter 001 #58 SECTION: 1. 6 TOPIC: AUCTION MARKET TYPE: CONCEPTS 5. A firm has total assets of $456,000 and total equity of $217,000. What is the debt-equity ratio? a. 2. 10 b. 1. 48 c. .48 D. 1. 10 e. .68 BLOOMS TAXONOMY QUESTION TYPE: APPLICATION LEARNING OBJECTIVE NUMBER: 2 LEVEL OF DIFFICULTY: BASIC Ross – Chapter 003 #51 SECTION: 3. 2 TOPIC: DEBT-EQUITY RATIO TYPE: PROBLEMS 46. The process of managing a firm’s long-term investments is called:   A. capital budgeting. b. working capital management. c. asset allocation. d. risk management. e. capital structure management. BLOOMS TAXONOMY QUESTION TYPE: KNOWLEDGE LEARNING OBJECTIVE NUMBER: 1 LEVEL OF DIFFICULTY: BASIC Ross – Chapter 001 #1 SECTION: 1. 2 TOPIC: CAPITAL BUDGETING TYPE: DEFINITIONS 47. Baldwin, Inc. paid $18,500 in dividends and $44,600 in interest over the past year while net working capital increased from $10,200 to $28,200. The company purchased $30,000 in net new fixed assets and had depreciation expenses of $15,700. During the year, the firm issued $45,000 in net new equity and paid off $16,000 in long-term debt. What is the amount of Baldwin’s cash flow from assets? a. $48,000 b. $3,700 c. $30,200 D. $34,100 e. $18,000 BLOOMS TAXONOMY QUESTION TYPE: APPLICATION LEARNING OBJECTIVE NUMBER: 4 LEVEL OF DIFFICULTY: INTERMEDIATE Ross – Chapter 002 #82 SECTION: 2. 4 TOPIC: CASH FLOW FROM ASSETS TYPE: PROBLEMS 48. Capital structure refers to the: a. average amount of cash equivalents held by a firm. b. amount of cash versus other short-term assets held by a firm. c. combination of short-term and long-term assets held by a firm. D. mixture of debt and equity a firm uses to finance its operations. e. types of long-term assets a firm employs in its operations. BLOOMS TAXONOMY QUESTION TYPE: KNOWLEDGE LEARNING OBJECTIVE NUMBER: 1 LEVEL OF DIFFICULTY: BASIC Ross – Chapter 001 #2 SECTION: 1. 2 TOPIC: CAPITAL STRUCTURE TYPE: DEFINITIONS Exam 1 FIN370 Fall 2011 Summary Category |#  of  Questions | |BLOOMS  TAXONOMY  QUESTION  TYPE:  APPLICATION |19 | |BLOOMS  TAXONOMY  QUESTION  TYPE:  COMPREHENSION |4 | |BLOOMS  TAXONOMY  QUESTION  TYPE:  KNOWLEDGE |25 | |LEARNING  OBJECTIVE  NUMBER:  1 |11 | |LEARNING  OBJECTIVE  NUMBER:  2 |12 | |LEARNING  OBJECTIVE  NUMBER:  3 |7 | |LEARNING  OB JECTIVE  NUMBER:  4 |6 | |LEVEL  OF  DIFFICULTY:  BASIC |34 | |LEVEL  OF  DIFFICULTY:  INTERMEDIATE |14 | |Ross  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  Chapter  001 |12 | |Ross  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  Chapter  002 |12 | |Ross  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  Chapter  003 |12 | |Ross  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  Chapter  004 |12 | |SECTION:  1. 2 |3 | |SECTION:  1. |3 | |SECTION:  1. 4 |1 | |SECTION:  1. 5 |1 | |SECTION:  1. 6 |4 | |SECTION:  2. 1 |5 | |SECTION:  2. 2 |2 | |SECTION:  2. 3 |1 | |SECTION:  2. |4 | |SECTION:  3. 1 |2 | |SECTION:  3. 2 |6 | |SECTION:  3. 3 |1 | |SECTION:  3. 4 |3 | |SECTION:  4. 1 |8 | |SECTION:  4. 2 |2 | |SECTION:  4. |2 | |TOPIC:  AGENCY  PROBLEM |1 | |TOPIC:  AUCTION  MARKET |1 | |TOPIC:  AVERAGE  TAX  RATE |1 | |TOPIC:  CAPITAL  BUDGETING |1 | |TOPIC:  CAPITAL  STRUCTURE |1 | |TOPIC:  CASH  FLOW  FROM  ASSETS |1 | |TOPIC:  CASH  FLOW  TO  CREDITORS 1 | |TOPIC:  COMMON-SIZE  STATEMENT |1 | |TOPIC:  COMM ON-SIZE  STATEMENTS |1 | |TOPIC:  COMPOUNDING |1 | |TOPIC:  CORPORATION |1 | |TOPIC:  CURRENT  ASSETS |1 | |TOPIC:  CURRENT  RATIO |1 | |TOPIC:  DEALER  MARKET |1 | |TOPIC:  DEBT-EQUITY  RATIO |1 | |TOPIC:  DU  PONT  IDENTITY |1 | |TOPIC:  FUTURE  VALUE |3 | |TOPIC:  GENERAL  PARTNERSHIP |1 | |TOPIC:  GOAL  OF  FINANCIAL  MANAGEMENT |1 | |TOPIC:  INCOME  STATEMENT |1 | |TOPIC:  INTEREST  RATE |1 | |TOPIC:  INTERNAL  GROWTH  RATE |1 | |TOPIC:  MARKET  VALUE |1 | |TOPIC:  NET  FIXED  ASSETS |1 | |TOPIC:  NET  WORKING  CAPITAL |2 | |TOPIC:  NONCASH  ITEMS |1 | |TOPIC:  OPERATING  CASH  FLOW |2 | |TOPIC:  PRESENT  VALUE |2 | |TOPIC:  PROFIT  MARGIN |1 | |TOPIC:  QUICK  RATIO |1 | |TOPIC:  RULE  OF  72 |1 | |TOPIC:  SECONDARY  MARKET |1 | |TOPIC:  SIMPLE  INTEREST |3 | |TOPIC:  SIMPLE  VERSUS  COMPOUND  INTEREST 1 | |TOPIC:  SOLE  PROPRIETORSHIP |1 | |TOPIC:  STOCK  EXCHANGES |1 | |TOPIC:  SUSTAINABLE  GROWTH  RATE |2 | |TOPIC:  TIMES  INTEREST  EARNED |1 | |TOPIC:  TOTAL  DEBT  RATIO |1 | |TOPIC:  WORKING  CAPITAL  MANAGEMENT |1 | |TYPE:  CONCEPTS |15 | |TYPE:  DEFINITIONS |16 | |TYPE:  PROBLEMS |17 | How to cite Study Guide, Essay examples Study Guide Free Essays string(166) " pathogens ordinarily do not cause disease in their normal habitat in a healthy person UT may do so in a different environment or because of decreased immune system\." Base pairs: always occur in a specific way – A(adenine) always pairs with T(thymine) and C(cytosine) always pairs with (G)guanine. Because of this specific base pairing, the base sequence of one DNA strand determines the base sequence of the other strand. Genetic code: the set of rules that determine how a nucleotide sequence is converted into the amino acid sequence of a protein Genotype: an organism’s genetic makeup, the info that codes for all the particular characteristics of the organism. We will write a custom essay sample on Study Guide or any similar topic only for you Order Now Represents the potential properties an organism has. Phenotype refers to the actual, expressed properties. The manifestation of the genotype. DNA Replication: one â€Å"parental† double-stranded DNA molecule Is converted Into two Identical â€Å"daughter† molecules Transcription: is the synthesis of a complementary strand of RNA from a DNA template. Translation: protein synthesis by decoding the â€Å"language† of nucleic acids and converting that info into the â€Å"language† of proteins. Mutation: a change in the base sequence of DNA Base substitution: aka point mutation. A single case at one point In the DNA sequence Is replaced with a deferent case Missions mutation: when the base substitution results In an amino acid substitution In the synthesized protein Nonsense mutation: a base substitution resulting in a nonsense code. By creating a nonsense code in the middle of a Mrs.. Molecule, some base substitutions effectively prevent the synthesis of a complete functional protein, only a fragment is synthesized. Frameset mutation: one or a few nucleotide pairs are deleted or inserted in the DNA. Causes deferent amino acid sequences than the original Mrs†¦ Nucleotide analogs: structurally similar to normal nitrogenous bases but have slightly altered base palling properties. When given to growing cells, the analogs are randomly incorporated into cellular DNA in place of the normal bases. Then during DNA replication, the analogs cause mistakes in base pairing. Intercalating agents: can cause frameset mutations. Frameset mutagens are usually the right size and have the right chemical properties to slip between the stacked base pairs of the DNA double helix. They may work by slightly offsetting the two strands of DNA, leaving a gap or bulge In one of the strands when these strands are copied during DNA synthesis, one or more base pairs can be inserted or deleted. Often potent carcinogens. UP radiation: causes the formation of harmful covalent bonds between certain bases. Ex) adjacent thymine’s in a DNA strand can cross-link to form thymine dimmer. If not corrected, this can cause serious damage or even death to the cell. X- rays/Gamma rays: can cause the breakage of covalent bonds In the sugar-phosphate backbone of DNA, which causes physical breaks In chromosomes. Spontaneous lab technique that can be used to identify mutants. Take cells that originally can not synthesize histamine on its own in agar that has histamine. Blot with velvet and put onto new agar with and without histamine. The colony that grows on the agar without histamine can be compared to the colony of the masterpiece and it the mutant. Ames test: the way that bacteria are used to screen chemicals for being carcinogens. If the substance being tested is antigenic, it will cause the reversion at a rate higher than the spontaneous reversion rate. DNA repair is possible, but it not 100% effective. Koch’s postulates: 1) the same pathogen must be present in every case of the disease 2) the pathogen must be isolated from the diseased host and grown in pure culture 3) the pathogen from the pure culture must cause the disease when it is inoculated into a healthy, susceptible lab animal. ) the pathogen must be isolated from the inoculated animal ND must be shown to be the original organism It is difficult to apply Koch’s postulates to some infectious diseases because some microbes have unique culture requirements (can’t grow on artificial medias). Vertical gene transfer: occurs when genes are passed from an organism to its offspring Horizontal gene transfer: the transfer involves a donor cell that gives a portion of its total DNA to a recipient cell. (Transformation (mix some DNA with a different cell. New cell integrates new DNA into chromosome), Conjugation (F pills pulls cells together to form mating bridge), Transduction (generalized: bacterial DNA injected into new cell and it’s taken up by the new cells DNA, bringing in new random genes. Specialized: DNA next to phage only), Plasmids/Transposes (plasmids can transfer from one cell to another but can’t get into chromosome so when it’s replicated one cell loses the resistance. Transposes are implicated in the antibiotic resistance of pantomimic-resistant s. Erasures) Type of horizontal gene transfer Starts with: Has to have to make it work. Transformation Naked DNA Competent cell Conjugation F plasmid F+ cell with F plasmid and sex pills Transduction Virus Lit: generalized Lessoning: specialized Plasmid/transpose Plasmid (circular)/transpose (linear) Plasmid: ORR, ROT Transpose: transposes (an enzyme that allows it to pop in/out of plasmid to chromosome) Normal microbial disease under normal conditions Transient microbial may be present for several days, weeks, or months and then disappear. Commercialism one of the organisms benefits and the other is unaffected Mutuality type of symbiosis that benefits both organisms Parasitism one organism benefits by deriving nutrients at the expense of the other, many disease causing bacteria are parasites. Microbial antagonism (aka competitive exclusion) once established, the normal macrobiotic can benefit the host by preventing the overgrowth of harmful microorganisms ex) the presence of normal macrobiotic inhibits the overgrowth of the yeast Candida Albanians, which can grow when the balance between normal macrobiotic and pathogens is upset and when pH is altered. If the bacterial population is eliminated by antibiotics or excessive douching, the pH of the vagina reverts to nearly neutral, and C. Albanians can flourish and become the dominant microbe leading to a vaginal infection. Ex) the normal macrobiotic of the rage intestine effectively inhibit C. Difficult, possibly by making host receptors unavailable, competing for available nutrients or producing obstetricians. However, if the normal macrobiotic are eliminated (I. E. : by antibiotics) C. Dif can become a problem. Opportunistic pathogens ordinarily do not cause disease in their normal habitat in a healthy person UT may do so in a different environment or because of decreased immune system. You read "Study Guide" in category "Papers" Ex) E. Oil Predisposing factors make the body more susceptible to a disease and may alter the course of the disease. Includes things like: gender, genetic background, climate and ether, inadequate nutrition, fatigue, age, environment, habits, lifestyle, occupation, preexisting illness, chemotherapy, emotional disturbances. Pattern of disease: Incubation period: period between initial infection and 1st appearance of an s/sex. Paranormal period: mild s/sex period of illness: most severe s/sex period of decline: s/sex decline period of convalescence: person regains strength. Recovery has occurred. Alexander Fleming discovered the 1st antibiotic (Penicillin) when he saw the zone of inhibition around a contaminating Penicillin mold colony on his bacterial Petri dish. Most antibiotics start out by bring discovered in â€Å"wild† microbes as they fight for survival and compete for nutrients. Narrow spectrum antibiotics: only target gram – or gram + bacteria, typically not both Broad spectrum antibiotics affect a broad range of gram + or gram – bacteria. One possible side effect of using this type of antibiotic is the risk of superscription by normal flora such as that seen in Candida Albanians yeast infections or with C. If bacterial overgrowth. Bactericidal: kill microbes directly Biostatistics: prevent microbes from growing 5 main targets of antibiotic drugs: )inhibiting cell wall synthesis (penicillin, cosponsoring, backtracking, pantomimic) 2) inhibiting protein synthesis (chlorination, erythrocytes, tetracycline, 4) inhibiting nucleic acid synthesis (refr aming, questioned) 5) inhibiting synthesis of essential metabolites (sulfanilamide, thermopile) Disk- diffusion method (Kirby-Bauer test): disks soaked in antibiotic are put onto agar that has been uniformly inoculated with bacteria. During incubation a zone of inhibition forms around the disks that are effective against that particular bacteria. The zone of inhibition can be measured and is compared to a standard table for that drug and incineration. The organism is then reported as sensitive, intermediate, or resistant. Main ways bacteria can become resistant to antibiotics 1) blocking entry of the antibiotic 2) inactivating enzymes that are targeted by the antibiotic 3) altering the target molecule that the antibiotic binds to 4) efflux of the antibiotic by pumping it back out if it enters the cell Antibiotic misuse: being used without a prescription, physician oversight, using dose regimens that are too low or too short in duration, using out dated or impure antibiotics, using antibiotics for viral infections Therapeutic index: evaluating the side effects of the drug versus the benefits of use Synergism: the chemotherapeutic effect of 2 drugs given simultaneously is sometimes greater than the effect of either given alone Antagonism: the simultaneous use is often less effective than when either drug is used alone Factors contributing to emerging infectious diseases: new strains resulting from genetic recombination between organisms, new crossovers from changes in or evolution of existing microorganisms, widespread use of antibiotics and pesticides, global warming and changes in weather patterns leading to increased distribution and arrival of reservoirs and vectors, known diseases spread by modern transportation to new areas, previously unrecognized infections in regions of ecological change brought about by natural disaster, construction, wars, or expanding human settlement, animal control measures leading to rising animal reservoir populations when predators are removed, and failure in p ublic health measures such as when people fail to get vaccinated as recommended. How Bacterial pathogens damage host cells Extension: because of the enzymatic nature of most extension, even small amounts are quite harmful because they can act over and over again. Can be gram – or gram . Work by destroying particular parts of the host’s cells or by inhibiting certain metabolic functions. They are highly specific in their effects on body tissues. Proteins. Superannuating: antigens that provoke a very intense immune response. Through a series of interactions with various cells of the immune system, superannuating nonsensically stimulate the proliferation of T cells. In response to superannuating, T cells release enormous amounts of cytokines that enter the bloodstream causing fever, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and sometimes shock and death. Antitoxins: are part of the outer portion of the cell wall of gram – bacteria. Alphanumerically. Released with gram – cells die. Exert their effects by stimulating macrophages to release cytokines in very high concentrations. At these levels they are toxic. All antitoxins cause the same signs and symptoms although not to the same degree: chills, fever, weakness, generalized aches, shock and death. Another consequence of antitoxins is the activation of blood-clotting proteins resulting in decreased blood hide from the host’s immune system in the host’s cells. Enzyme-linked misbegotten assay (ELISE): direct ELISE: detects antigens such as HOC in pregnancy testing indirect ELISE: detects antibodies such as in the HIVE test HIVE particles attach specifically to receptors on CDC T cells. New HIVE glades (Greek for branches) keep evolving as the virus mutates. Phases of HIVE Phase 1 : symptomatic or chronic lymphocyte’s where there is a lot of HIVE in the blood but then immune system causes a sharp depletion in virus numbers in the blood within a few weeks phase 2: symptomatic, where early signs of immune failure are seen. The numbers of T cells declines steadily. HIVE replication continues but at a relatively slow rate. Hash 3: Clinical AIDS emerges, usually within 10 years of infections. T cell numbers are below celled/LU. (200 cells/LU defines AIDS) Important AIDS indicators appear such as: Candida Albanians infections of the bronchi, trachea or lungs; pneumatics pneumonia, taxonomists of the brain, and kapok’s sarcoma. Corros iveness: A problem with antibody-type testing is the window of time between infection and the appearance of detectable antibodies. This interval can be as long as 3 months. Pneumatics pneumonia is seen in AIDS patients because while the pathogen can be found in human lungs, if the patient is incompetents they will have few or no symptoms. The loss of an effective immune system defense allowed he activation of a latent infection. Template Process Enzyme Product DNA Replication DNA polymerase Transcription RNA polymerase RNA Translation Ribosome Protein Reverse transcription Reverse transcripts Agonized is used for mycobacterium. Some pathogens use sidestrokes to steal iron from the host. Others use the host cell for nutrients and produce damaging waste products or rupture host cells. Transcription: to turn DNA into RNA, copy the letters but turn It’s into Us (RNA is complimentary would be: TAGS AC ACT ACT AT EGG ACT AC 5†² transcribed to RNA: 3†² I-JAG AC COG AC AAU EGG ICC AC 5†² each group of 3 then translated onto an amino acid using a chart. Communicable disease: any disease that spreads from one host to another, either indirectly or directly Incommunicable disease: not spread from one host to another. These diseases are caused by microorganisms that normally inhabit the body and only occasionally produce disease or by microbes that reside outside the body and produce disease only when introduced into the body such as tetanus. Symptoms: changes in body function Signs: objective changes the physician can observe and measure Syndrome: a specific group of sings or symptoms that may always accompany a particular disease Incidence: the number of people in a population who develop a disease during a particular time period. Prevalence: the number of people in a population who develop a disease at a specified time, regardless of when it first appeared. Takes into account old and new cases. Sporadic disease: a disease that occurs only occasionally ex) typhoid fever in the US Endemic disease: a disease constantly present in a population ex) common cold Epidemic disease: if many people in a given area acquire a certain disease in a relatively short period ex) flu Pandemic disease: an epidemic disease that occur worldwide ex) AIDS Acute disease: a disease that evolves rapidly but lasts only a short time ex) flu Chronic disease: develops more slowly and the body reactions may be less severe, but the disease is likely to continue to recur for long periods. Ex) hepatitis B and TAB Subspace disease: a disease that is intermediate between acute and chronic Latent disease: a disease in which the causative agent remains inactive for a time but then becomes active to produce symptoms of the disease ex) shingles Local infection: one in which the invading microbes are limited to a relatively small area of the body ex) boils and abscesses Systemic infection: microbes or their products are spread throughout the body by the blood or lymph. Ex) measles Focal infection: sometimes agents off local infection enter a blood or lymphatic vessel and spread to other specific parts of the body, where they are confined to specific areas of the body. Ex) can arise from infections in the teeth, tonsils or sinuses Sepsis: a toxic inflammatory condition arising from the spread of microbes (especially bacteria and their toxins) from a focus infection skepticism: aka blood poisoning is a systemic infection arising from the altercation of pathogens in the blood bacteria: the presence of bacteria in the blood tootsie: refers to the presence of toxins in the blood (as occurs in tetanus) vermin: refers to the presence of viruses in blood primary infection: an acute infection that causes initial illness secondary infection: one caused by an opportunistic pathogen after the primary infection has weakened the body defenses. Substantial (unapparent) infection: one that does not cause any noticeable illness ex) Heap A and polio can be carried by people who never develop the illness Herd immunity: as long as enough people are vaccinated most of the population will be safe from those diseases Three main ways that the causative agents of an infectious disease can be transmitted from the reservoir of infection to a susceptible host: contact, vehicle, and vector transmission Direct contact agent by physical contact between its source and a susceptible host, no intermediate object is involved ex) kissing, touching and sex Indirect contact transmission: occurs when the agent of the disease is transmitted from its reservoir to a susceptible host by means of a nonliving object (or finite) Droplet transmission: a type of contact remission in which microbes are spread in droplet nuclei (mucus droplets) that travel only short distances ex) discharged by sneezing, coughing, etc Vehicle transmission: the transmission o f disease agents by a medium such as water, food or air. Vectors: animals that carry pathogens from one host to another (arthropods most important) mechanical transmission: the passive transport of the pathogens on the insect’s feet or other body parts ex) house flies biological transmission: is an active process and is more complex. The arthropod bites an infected person or animal and ingests some of the infected blood. The pathogens then reproduce in the vector, and the increase in the number of pathogens increases the possibility that they will be transmitted to another host. Ex) anopheles mosquito: malaria Epidemiology: the science that studies when and where diseases occur and how they are transmitted in populations Morbidity: the incidence of specific noticeable diseases Mortality: the number of deaths from these diseases Noticeable infectious diseases: are diseases for which physicians are required by law to report cases to the US Public Health Service. As of 2008, a total of 63 infectious diseases were reported at the national level. Cad’s (Centers for Disease Control) Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MAR): contains data on morbidity and mortality. These data are organized by state and read by microbiologists, physicians and other hospital and public health professionals. Contributors to pathogenic: capsules: resist phagocytes and promote adherence M protein in the cell wall: helps bacteria bind to host cell and helps bacteria to resist phagocytes by Webs familiar in the cell wall: cause host cells to take up bacteria coagulate enzyme: p romotes blood coagulation (clotting). These clots may protect the actinium from phagocytes and isolate from other defenses streptomycin’s enzyme: breaks down fibrin in blood clots hollandaise and collagen’s enzymes: break down components of human connective tissue and facilitate the spread of the bacterium Gig protease enzymes: help to destroy human Gig antibodies secreted in some body fluids invasions: promote bacterial uptake via riffing Antigenic variation will help a pathogen hide from the immune system by changing their surface antigens (shapes) so the immune system can’t recognize them. Actions of extension: membrane-disrupting, superannuating that can cause cardiovascular shock due to creased BP. Psychotic diphtheria toxin botulism toxin that causes flaccid paralysis tetanus toxin causes spastic paralysis cholera toxin causes the secretion of large amounts of fluids and electrolytes into the intestines leading to extreme diarrhea Indention is the lipid A portion of the alphanumerically (ALPS) in gram – cell walls and it causes inflammation leading to dilated capillaries which can lead to septic shock and possibly disseminated providing the immune system with a primary exposure (leading to formation of antibodies and long-term memory cells) so subsequent exposure to a pathogen leads o a secondary immune response which is much more robust. Bastardization: eliminates pathogenic microbes. In milk, it also lowers microbial numbers which prolongs milks quality under refrigeration. Shish toxin causes severe illness and has emerged as a leading cause of bedroom illness. It is found in E. Coli 0147:HUH because of specialized transduction (a form of horizontal gene transfer) so the common 0157:HA strain is the result of a recombination of E. Coli DNA with the gene for Shish toxin from Shillelagh. Shish toxin is from Shillelagh species and destroys tissue in the intestinal wall leading to dysentery. How to cite Study Guide, Papers Study Guide Free Essays They separate our water and keep It sanitary. We get to reuse the water from run off. 4. We will write a custom essay sample on Study Guide or any similar topic only for you Order Now What Is a tributary? A river or stream flowing into a larger river or lake 5. What is a river? A large natural stream of water flowing in a channel to the sea, a lake, or another such stream 6. Identify 5 uses of rivers Drinking water, Hygiene, Run off, Playing in, Transportation Book – peg. 412 7. What is Stream Load ? Stream load Is a geologic term referring to the solid matter carried by a stream 8. What Is discharge? Allow (a liquid, gas, or other substance) to flow out from where It has been confined. Explain how the speed of a stream is related to its discharge, load, and erosive power. The speed determines the amount of discharge, load and power it is giving. 10. What is a gradient? An increase or decrease in the magnitude of a property (e. G. , temperature, pressure, or concentration) observed in passing from one point or moment to another. 11 . Give an example of a stream’s speed of flow as it relates to its gradient and power of erosion. North America can be divided into several basins west. These ions are eventually carried to the oceans and give the oceans their salty character. When flow velocity decreases the competence Is reduced and speed decreases. 12. What are tributaries? A river or stream flowing Into a larger river or lake 13. What Is stream discharge? The volume of water to pass a given point on a stream bank per unit of time, usually load related to a stream’s erosive power? How much load discharge is taken and the steams power is high or low. Http://hemstitching. Com/warehouse/geology/ surface_processes/animations/sediment internments SF What particles make up the dissolved load? Slit and Clay 16. What particles make up the suspended load? 17. What particles make up the bed load? Gravel 18. Draw and label a diagram of the animation, make sure to identify the 3 types of load. httpHttpmxehemstitchingm/Summerhouse/geology/surface_processes/animations/ meandering extraterrestrials are meanders? Streams flowing physicality’s part of the curve does the river erode? Troubleshooter . What part of the curve are sediments deposited? Cut bank and point bar 22. Where is water the fastest in a meander? Point Bar 23. Where is water the slowest in a meander? Cut Bank 24. Draw a diagram of a meandering stream and label the following: river erosion, river deposition, fast moving water, slow moving water 15. 3 Stream Deposition http://interactive-earth. Com/resources/science-visualvisualizationssisMississippi- animations. HTML Thames is a delta? Body of water flowing into a river. 26. How much of the continental US does the Mississippi river drain water from? 98% 27. How long has it taken the Mississippi River to build its delta? Each year is different but it takes a long time depending on weather around. 28. Explain how natural levees are built. The ground vegetarianism and form into the shape the water needs to be held in. Oversimplification’s in deltas because nothing is the same they need different elements for each in the deltas. Http:/Adaptation. nationEncephalographicedComtion/encyclopedia/alluvial-financiers. What is an alluvial fan? An alluvial fan is a triangle-shaped deposit of gravel, sand, and even smaller pieces of sediment, such as silt. This sediment is called alluvium 31 . Explain how an alluvial fan forms. Alluvial fans are usually created as flowing water interacts with mountains, hills, or he steep walls of canyons. Streams carrying alluvium can be trickles of rainwater, a fast-moving creek, a powerful river, or even runoff from agriculture or industry. Http:/Http. BBC. Subconsciously/irreproachableness/change_river/peg_27_Pegasus. SHTML SHTML is a floodplain? What happened when a flood happens and where the water goes. 33. Explaining floodplain can form over time. They change the meanders in different positions over time. 34. Draw a diagram of a floodplain being sure to label the following parts: natural levees, oxbow lake, areas of maximum velocity, areas of deposit How to cite Study Guide, Papers

Marketing Pencil free essay sample

Acknowledgement †¢ Executive Summary †¢ Introduction to the market †¢ Definition to the marketing plan †¢ Impact of Environmental factors †¢ Marketing Plan for pencils †¢ Category analysis †¢ Current market situation †¢ Customer analysis †¢ Marketing strategy †¢ Product development process †¢ Brand name, Brand equity, Brand image †¢ Segmentation and Targeting †¢ Profile of rural market in general †¢ Marketing Mix and Integrated Marketing Communication †¢ Conclusion ACKNOWLEDGEMENT We extent our thanks to Mrs. Saima Hussain faculty guide who has given me moral support to do my project work. We also extend our thankfulness to our beloved parents and friends for their continuous encouragement at every moment It is our privilege to express our profound in deftness, deep sense of gratitude to our facility guide who had trusts in our ability in assigning us such an important and interesting project and also for allotting time for discussing and clarifying issues related to this project. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY A marketing plan is a written document that contains the guidelines for the business centers and allocation over the planning period. This project is made on the basis for the marketing plan for the pencils. In our project our company is i. e. , of Torres are introducing their new pencils product. The names of the pencils are the ‘Shesham pencils’. If our company introduces new pencils and have to sell it in the market then we have to firstly write down a market plan for it. That means we have to analyze the current market situation i. e. ? We have to analyze the impact of the micro environment, macro environment. ? We have to analyze the needs of the consumers and then do segmentation, target and positioned the market. ? We have to do surveys for knowing the needs of the peoples. The more concise a marketing plan is the better it will serve you. These are the guidelines for writing a strategic marketing plan that meets the specific requirements of your business. We will take you through the development process step-by-step with easy to follow planning sheets to lead you through each stage. After that we have to choose different modes of communication for the sale, promotion of our product. The format includes a fully developed sample plan and is designed to meet the needs of most types of businesses although the emphasis on different aspects of the plan will vary from one business type to another. MARKET PLANNING FOR THE PENCILS (SHESHAM PENCILS) INTRODUCTION:Bangladesh is always said a country of villages and it is fact as Bangladesh 60% of population lives in villages, and it is said that rural market has been growing at five times the pace of the urban market more government rural development initiatives have been seen to increase rural markets. MARKET: Traditionally, a market was a physical place where buyers and sellers gather to buy and sell goods. Economist describes a market as a collection of buyers and sellers who transact over a particular Product or product class. Manufactures go to resources, marketer buy resources and turn them into good and services. MARKET PLANNING: It is well and good to include marketing in your business and a lot a few hours a day to do marketing tasks. But if we do not organize our market plan our efforts won/t get nearly as far as putting . Marketing plan in writing gives you a guideline to work from and it provides goal to strive for and it organize all those creative ideas you have floating around your brain. Firms that is successful in marketing businesses starts with marketing plan. Marketing plan cannot be made without involving many people into it. No matter what kind of feedback you get from all parts of your company. This is as important because it take all aspects of your company to make your marketing plan. Your key people can provide realistic impact on what’s achievable and how achievable and how your goals can be worked out. From all the things we can concluded that market plan is very necessary for the successful running of any business operation and to achieve various goals of the business operations in a right manner and in right ways. DEFINITION OF MARKETING PLAN: ‘A marketing plan is a written document containing the guidelines for the business centers marketing programs and allocation over the planning period’ THE IMPACT OF ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS: There are two keys perspectives on the marketing environment. , namely the micro environment and macro environment: MICRO ENVIRONMENT: This environment influences the organization directly . It includes suppliers that deal directly and indirectly with consumers and customers and other local stake holders. Micro environment tends to suggest the small but this can be misleading. In context, micro describes the relationship between firms consumers and customers directly or indirectly, and other local stakeholders. This includes all factors that can influence an organization, but that are out of their direct control. A company does not generally influence any laws (although it is accepted that they could lobby or be part of a trade organization). It is continuously changing, and the company needs to be flexible to adapt. There may be aggressive competition and rivalry in a market. Globalization means that there is always the threat of substitute products and new entrants. The wider nvironment is also changing, and the marketer needs to compensate for changes in culture, politics, economics and technology. All factors that are internal to the organization are known as the internal environment. They are generally audited by applying the Five Ms which are Men, Money, Machinery, Materials and Markets. The internal environment is as important for managing change in the external environment. As marketers we call the process of managing internal change is called internal marketing. MACRO ENVIRONMENT: Macro environment includes all the external factors that affect our product . The macro environment includes the factors like technology, political, geographical, and ecological and socio cultural factors that have an impact on the manufacturing of the product. In the manufacturing of pencils we have to keep in the mind that the sociological environment, the society has been changed and due to this the needs, demands of the customers are also changed. Different kinds of pencils are made according to the need and standards of the peoples. Now a high class person wants pencils which are of high quality and provides better services. The middle class peoples want a pencil that are of low price and is not very expensive. So manufacturer produces the pencils in keeping all these things in mind. The pencils are produced with accordance of the new technology. MARKET PLAN FOR PENCILS: If our company introduces new pencils and have to sell it in the market then we have to firstly write down a market plan for it. That means we have to analyze the current market situation i. e. ? We have to analyze the impact of the micro environment, macro environment. ? We have to analyze the needs of the consumers and then do segmentation, target and positioned the market. ? We have to do surveys for knowing the needs of the peoples. The more concise a marketing plan is the better it will serve you. These are the guidelines for writing a strategic marketing plan that meets the specific requirements of your business. We will take you through the development process step-by-step with easy to follow planning sheets to lead you through each stage. After that we have to choose different modes of communication for the sale, promotion of our product. The format includes a fully developed sample plan and is designed to meet the needs of most types of businesses although the emphasis on different aspects of the plan will vary from one business type to another. PROCESS OF MARKET PLAN CATEGORY ANALYSIS: The product of our company is the pencils. Our company is introducing a new product of Torres pencils with new unique features, and size. Our company is providing better and unique features to our customers. The competitors of our company are the other pencils stores like, GOLDFISH pencils, and DOLLAR pencils. MARKET SURVEY/ CURRENT MARKET SITUATIONS: Market survey is the first step in the market planning . Our Company conducted the market survey for knowing ? The need in the current market situation. To analyze what are the different kinds or types of pencils which are present in the current time in the market. ? The different kinds of features of the pencils, their prices. NEEDS, WANTS AND DEMANDS OF THE CUSTOMERS: The market plan will be started before the manufacturing of the particular product. If we have to make any kind of pencils products, we have to analyze the needs, demands and wants of the customers. Needs are the basic human requ irements. Needs are then converted into wants. Demands are the wants for specific products backed by the ability to pay. We start our market plan by analyzing that whether there is a need; want among the customers for the pencils we decide to manufacture and for that we conduct survey, market research for knowing the needs of the customers. For that we have to visit the schools, and may know the needs of the children by Putting them questions and having their suggestions that what kind of pencils they want for writing ,and knowing from them that what are the difficulties they get from their previous pencils while writing. We need to have different types of people which are using pencils to know their needs. After collecting all the information we have to get a result for knowing the needs, wants, and demands of the customers and get ready for making pencils according to the needs wants and demands of the customers. COMPETITOR ANALYSIS: The analysis of the competitor is very important aspect because through it we come to know that that our competitor is. The main competitors of our pencils are the other pencils company like GOLDFISH pencils and DOLLAR pencils which are having good position in the market. Our company has to include all those factors in our pencils by which our product look unique and different. Determining the â€Å"Marketing Mix† Product Price Promotion Distribution Goldfish Rs 5 High High Dollar Rs 4 Average Average CUSTOMERS ANANLYSIS: Our Company is targeting different types of customers according to their needs and wants. We are targeting the students of school, colleges. E. GChildren’s like pencils having shapes of toys and other attracting things. The persons who have to work in the offices like simple pencils . Other professionals like different kinds of pencils so pencils are made according to the needs and wants of these different consumers. ESTABLISHING OBJECTIVES: The main objectives of our company are as follows: ? To provide better services to our customers. ? To provide quality pencils to our target customers at the reasonable prices. ? To build a good image in the minds of our customers. ? To increase sales of our product. ? To generate revenues and profits by the sale of our pencils. MARKETING STRATEGIES: For the introduction of new product in the market we have to develop a preliminary strategy plan for introducing our new pencils in the market. The plan consists of three parts. 1. First part describes target market’s size, structure, and behavior of the planned product positioning and sales, market share, and profits and the goals sought in the few years by our product. Therefore the target market for our pencil is mainly the children’s of schools and colleges. We will analyze the benefit which comes out by the sale of the pencils. 2. The second part outlines the planned price, distribution strategy, and marketing budget for the first years. This part describes that what are the features or special points of the pencils which we have to made . In it we determine the prices of our different kinds of pencils. Like we determine that the cost of our pencil is Rs 2 each but if the customers buy the box there cost will be of Rs 8. 00 with a sharpener an d eraser free. In it we also determine the different kinds of expenses which are to done for the introduction of our pencils in the market. Like the expenses done on the sale, promotion, advertisement of pencils in print media. That what are the profits which come to us by the sale of the pencils. As we see that during the first year a substantial amount will be spent on marketing research by audits and consumers panel data to monitor market reaction and buying rates. The entire budget is made in keeping eye on all these things. 3. The third part of the market strategy plan describes the long run sales and profits goals and market mix strategy over time. As we see that our products would be selling at a very good rate and giving us lots of profits. So we can invest more and more money in it and tries to improve the quality of our pencils by adding new features in it . We will make the product mix and decided to make new kinds of pencils with new innovations and additional features. Market strategy plan is very essential in the business for the proper allocation of revenues, expenditure from the product. It determines all the expenditure done for the sale of our pencils in the market. It also describes that to which segment of the customers we have to sell our pencils and at what price. MANAGING THE DEVELOPMENT PROCESS: Up to now the product has existed in only as a word description. The next step involves the jump in the investment that dwarfs the cost incurred in the earlier stages. At this stage the company will determine whether the product idea can be translated into a technically and commercially feasible product. In this step we have to make our ideas, plans about the pencils in truth. In other word we make our pencils according to needs and demands of the customers. PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT: The development of the pencils starts at this step. The jobs of translating target customers requirement are helpful in making of our pencils. We analyze all the collected data from different kinds of customers and make our pencils according to their needs. E. g. The customers have said that they faces a lots of problems during writing because their pencils do not work properly, the points of the pencils get damaged during their writing time due to which they faces a lots of problems. From this we get an idea to use that kind of lead in our pencils which is of high quality and would not get damaged while writing. We adopt the quality function method for manufacturing of our pencils. We develop a pencils according to view taken by the peoples during market research. PRODUCT MIX: In product mix we include that what are the additional benefits that we are providing to our customer along with our original products i. e. , in it we can provide some additional services to our customers along with our pencils. We can give customer free sharpener and eraser with the one box of pencils. Along with one pencils peoples gets a free attached eraser. By adding these additional things in our pencils the customers get happy, and it will definitely results in the increase of the customers loyalty towards our product. It will also be helpful in retaining the attention of the customers towards our product. PRODUCT STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESS: Product strengths and weakness describes the strengths of our pencils that what makes our pencils different from other pencils and what is our weaknesses when compared with others. STRENGTHS OF OUR PRODUCT; We should add what kind of features in our pencils that should act as strength of our pencils. We raise the length of our pencils, and provides different shapes of pencils which distinct our pencils different from others pencils. The offer of giving a free sharpener and an eraser is also helpful in attracting the consumers towards our product. As more and more customer are getting our pencils , these all results in increasing sale of the product and increasing revenues of the company. WEAKNESS OF OUR PRODUCT Our company should also analyze the weakness of our product: The main weakness may comes during the sale of the pencils that when we offer a free eraser and sharpener with our pencils whether the company may faces a lot of expenditure. These activities involve the wastage of money by the company. The pencils of other companies like GOLDFISH Pencils and DOLLAR Pencils are the main competitors of our company. Our company has to add the extra features in our product so that our product gets a different position as compared to our competitor’s product. PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE MANAGEMENT AND NEW PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT- In the product life cycle management we can describes the product and determines for how much time we should sale our product in the market, whether for a long time or for short period of time. A company positioning and differentiation strategy must change as the product, market, and competitors change over the product life cycle. To say that the products have a life cycle it asserts four things: 1. Product has a limited life. 2. Product sale pass through distinct stages and each positioning asserts different challenges, opportunities and problems to the seller. 3. Profits raises and fall at different stages of the product life cycle. 4. Product required different marketing, financial, manufacturing, purchasing and human resource strategies in each life cycle stages. Product life cycle of the pencils depends upon the needs of our customers that for how much time our product should remain in the market. If our pencils do not satisfy the needs of the customers it may comes in the decline stage that results in the extinction of our pencils in the market. Because the customers are not satisfied by our products their demand gets changed due to which our pencils comes in the decline stage. INTRODUCTION: At the introduction period there is the slow sale growth of the pencils. At this stage the profits are nonexistent because of the heavy expenses of product introduction. In this phase the customers are not much aware about our pencils. Large amount of advertisement expense, discounts are given by our company to create awareness of the customers towards our pencils. GROWTH: Rapid market acceptance and substantial profits improvements at growth the product is selling at a high rate. MATURITY: A slowdown in the sale growths shows the maturity period. As the sale of our pencils are not undergoing up to the mark. The customers are now not satisfied by our pencils, the pencils do not function according to their needs, which results in the slowdown in the sale of our pencils. The sale declines with the arrival of competitors in the market. It may seen that if the new company may introduce a new pencils with new and better features it will results in the decline in the sale of the pencils of our product. DECLINE: Decline shows the downward drift and profits erode. At this point the profit from the existing product comes to zero. This stage comes due to the arrival of new competitors in the market and when the customer satisfactions from our pencils are not up to the mark. This stage may come when our pencil do not gives full satisfaction to the consumers. Decline may also comes when the taste and preferences of the consumers gets change. If the decline stage may come in the existing product life it is good for our company to develop a new product according to the needs of the peoples and providing better services to the customers. BRAND NAME, BRAND EQUITY AND BRAND IMAGE: Brand is the name ,term, sign, symbol or design or the combination that tends to the goods and services of one seller or group of seller and to differentiate them from others those of competitors. A brand is the thus product or service that add dimensions that differentiate it in some way from others products or services designed to satisfy the same needs. These differences may be functional, rational, or tangible related to product performance of the brand. We give our pencils as the name’ ‘SHESHAM PENCILS’ it’s a new product of Torres pencil company. Branding may helps the consumers to identify our product . The consumers starts finding about the brand satisfy their needs and which ones do not. The brand name can be protected through registered trademarks, and packing can be protected through copyrights and designs. SEGMENTATION AND TARGETING MARKET SEGMENTATION Market segmentation is one of the steps that go into defining and targeting specific markets. It is the process of dividing a market into a distinct group of buyers that require different products or marketing mixes. A key factor to success in todays market place is finding subtle differences to give a business the marketing edge. Businesses that target specialty markets will promote its products and services more effectively than a business aiming at the average customer. Opportunities in marketing increase when segmented groups of clients and customers with varying needs and wants are recognized. Markets can be segmented or targeted using a variety of factor. The bases for segmenting consumer markets include: Demographical bases (age, family size, life cycle, occupation) †¢ Geographical bases (states, regions, countries) †¢ Behavior bases (product knowledge, usage, attitudes, responses) †¢ Psychographic bases (lifestyle, values, personality) A business must analyze the needs and wants of different market segments before determining their own niche. To be effe ctive in market segmentation keeps the following things in mind: †¢ Segments or target markets should be accessible to the business †¢ Each segmented group must be large enough to provide a solid customer base. Each segmented group requires a separate marketing plan. Large companies segment their markets by conducting extensive market research projects. This research is often too expensive for small businesses to invest in, but there are alternative ways for to a small business to segment their markets. A small business can do the following to gain knowledge and information on how to segment their markets: 1. Use secondary date resources and qualitative research. You can use the following resources for external secondary data: o Trade and association publications and experts o Basic research publications External measurement services 1. Conduct informal factor and cluster analysis by: o Watching key competitors marketing efforts and copying them. o Talking to key trade buy ers about new product introductions o Conducting needs analysis from qualitative research with individuals and groups. There are many reasons for dividing marketing into smaller segments. Any time you suspect there are significant, measurable differences in your market you should consider market segmentation. By doing this you will make marketing easier, discover niche markets, and become more efficient with your marketing resources. TARGETING: By doing the segmentation we target the consumers where we have to sell our pencils. The main target are the school children’s and college student and there teachers and professors. In it we have to remain aware of our competitors in order to take competitive advantage and we should be also aware about the consumers who would be buying our product. Why our Company go to rural market? The cost of going global is very high, and it is difficult to gauge markets in other countries. It is better to target the rural market as it is growing by the day. Today rural markets are as critical as urban markets. The rural markets provide better opportunities. In village vast competition exists. Different companies come with different flavors. So people have ample choice. With only around 100000 of the 638667 villages tapped so far there are huge potential and market areas. So we get high percentage of total market though profit margin is less. Now a day’s villager also spends on luxury comfort products. After all Dettol is a one type of necessity product. As it plays a role of anti-septic medicine. Media also plays an important role in promotion of goods. The growing reach of the electronic media has created a huge change in the lifestyle of rural consumer. Profile of rural market in general:- The rural market of Pakistan is large and scattered, in the sense that it consist of over 63 core consumers from 6, 38,365 villages spread throughout the country. Nearly 60% of the rural income is from agriculture. Hence rural prosperity is tied with agricultural prosperity. During the harvest season, the demand for consumer goods in village goes up. The population securing income from non-agricultural sector is now increasing due to rural development programs. The consumers in the village areas do have a low standard of living because of low literacy, low per capita income, social backwardness, low savings, etc. The rural consumer values old customs and traditions. A change is beginning to take place in their outlook because of growth in literacy rate and mass media in the rural areas. Rural consumers have diverse socio-economic background. This is different in different parts of the country. This brings diversity among rural customers and market. The demand pattern of the rural consumers is fast changing. There is new and growing demand for toiletries, ready-made garments, cosmetics, packaged foodstuffs, etc. this change is due to increase in rural income. The infrastructural facilities like roads, warehouses, communication system, and financial facilities are inadequate in rural areas. Hence physical distribution becomes costly due to inadequate infrastructural facilities. The saving habit of the rural community is increasing in the recent years as a result of the efforts put by co-operative and commercial banks Marketing Mix: PRODUCT: A business needs to consider the products that it produces and the stage of the product life cycle that a product is at. Marketing strategies will vary according to the type of product and its stage in the life cycle. 1. Pencils are very convenient to use and will be easy for customers also to use this product. 2. By providing good quality of Pencils, students will be attracted towards writing and will also be encouraged. 3. Pencils are available in different colors, so a person has choices to select various types in one particular product. . Pencils are available in different prices, so people can buy it as per their affordability. [pic] PLACE: This generally refers to the physical locations of product sales as well as the methods of distribution. However, it is also considered to be the place or position in the market of the product; refer to information below. Businesses need to make many decisions related to place: access, parking, competition, physical lo cation etc. It’s the most important P in the pencil wars — Place. And nothing evokes more passion in distribution. We have chosen the different zones especially south schools and colleges and west zones as keen interest is shown by nearby villages of it. We had chosen these places due to following reasons: In these areas literacy rate is better than other areas. â€Å"So WHERE THERE IS WILL, THERE IS A WAY†. As people living in this area have mostly standard income so they can purchase our product â€Å"pencils† as they are cheaply and in a better way available. There is a lot of scope of expansion as these areas are surrounded by various other villages so great scope of expansion is there. PRICE: Most businesses use a cost plus method for setting the prices of their products. This involves determining unit production costs and then adding in a profit margin. However, many other factors are involved. Consider perceived price (what you think consumers will be prepared to pay), demand elasticity (is it elastic or inelastic? ), competitors pricing (can you afford to undercut their prices? ), pricing objectives (what do you want to achieve increased market share? increased profits? market leadership? etc. ) Example: Price is the only factor which decides the presence of the product in the rural market. As people are having standard purchasing power, low income or high group of income persons etc. can afford Shesham pencils as they are available cheaply and in a better way. Hence keeping all the dynamic factors we have decided to go for penetration pricing for our product. We have decided to go with the application of penetration pricing as the people in the rural area are having low income, low purchasing power and we are newly entering the market. The pricing will be in way: Small pencils: 1 pencil = RS. . /- 10 pencils of pencils box = RS. 9/- Large pencils: 1 pencils = RS. 4/- 10 pencils of pencils box= RS. 16/- PROMOTION: Promotion is said to be the vital for all companies until now the promotional tools have been acted as the targeting tool used to attract huge demand for rural people and also huge demand for company’s product. The promotional strategies are as follows:- A new innova tive broad aspect followed by me to attract huge attraction towards my product will be the use of tree borders. e will make use of tree borders as in rural areas mostly there are villages surrounded by huge and number of trees, so the hoardings at tree border will definitely attract huge demand. We will be putting hoardings on retail shops so that whenever the customer comes over the shop they should easily come to know about the arrival of new Pencils i. e. â€Å"name of the pencils† in the market. We will also promote my product through wall paintings. As wall paintings lasts for longer time and through this maximum customer can be attracted. There are some other strategies also like, The role of the influencer or influencing communication cannot be ignored as far as rural Pakistan is concerned. The advertisements that revolve around this very strategy actually depend on the influence of different influential people and/or events in the villages to put across the message powerfully with more effect and purchase intention. An example of this kind of advertisement may be brand endorsement by any influential person in the village like the ‘Intellectual Chaudary’ or the ‘school master’. Events like different festivals and different games and sports competitions actually have a high participation level in the rural Pakistan, as other sources of entertainment are very less in those areas. So, these events and shows offer great opportunity to reach rural Pakistan cost effectively. Different brands sponsor different events and shows in rural villages, which is actually a cost-effective way to advertise with the participatory strategy. Many brands are venturing into different ways to educate their rural consumers about their brands and their usage through different shows and events. This kind of initiatives actually creates huge awareness about the brand among the interested people in the rural Pakistan. Different health related advertisements like Polio awareness and AIDS awareness programmes involve a ‘show-n-tell’ strategy of advertising. It includes Press and print, TV, Cinema, Radio, and Point of purchase and Outdoor advertisement. Reach of formal media is low in rural households (Print: 18%, TV: 27%, Cinema: 30%, and Radio: 37%) and therefore the marketer has to consider the following points: English newspapers and magazines have negligible circulation in rural areas. However local language newspapers and magazines are becoming popular among educated facilities in rural areas. It has made a great impact and large audience has been exposed to this medium. Organizations have been using TV to communicate with the rural masses. Lifebuoy, Lux, Dalda oil etc. are some of the products advertised via television. Many consumer goods companies and fertilizer companies are using these TV channels to reach the rural customer. Radio reaches large population in rural areas at a relatively low cost. Example: Colgate, Brite total, Shan Masala industries are some of the companies using radio communication programme. The farmers have a habit of listening to regional news/agricultural news in the morning and the late evening. The advertisement has to be released during this time to get maximum coverage in rural areas. Another advantage is that the radio commercial can be prepared at short notice to meet the changing needs of the rural folk. Example: Release of a pesticide ad at the time of outbreak of a pest or disease in crops. [pic] This form of media, which includes signboards, wall painting, hoarding, tree boards, bus boards, dealer boards, product display boards etc. , is cost effective in rural areas. Symbols, pictures and colors should be used in POPs meant for rural markets so that they can easily identify the products. Generally rural people prefer bright colors and the marketer should utilize such cues. Display of hangings, festoons and product packs in the shops will catch the attention of prospective buyers. However a clutter of such POP materials of competing companies will not have the desired effect and is to be avoided. It is a way of passing on information relating to goods or services for sale, directly to potential customers through the medium of post. It is a medium employed by the advertiser to bring in a personal touch. In cities lot of junk mail is received by all of us and very often such mails are thrown into the dustbin whereas a villager get very few letters and he is receptive to such mailers. It is an effective and economical medium for communication in rural areas, since it stays there for a long time depending upon the weather conditions. The cost of painting one square foot area is just Rs. 10. Retailers welcome painting of their shops so that the shop will look better. Walls of farm houses, shops and schools are ideal places for painting and the company need not have to pay any rent for the same. The walls have to be painted at least one or two feet from ground level. It is better to take permission of the owner. Very often the owner takes responsibility for taking care of the wall painting. Paintings are to be avoided during election time and rainy season. The matter should be in the form of pictures, slogans for catching the attention of people. Companies marketing TV, fans, branded coffee/tea, toothpaste, pesticides, fertilizers etc. use wall painting as promotion medium in rural areas. These are painted boards of about two square feet in dimension having the picture or name or slogan of the product painted on it. The cost of such a painted board is about Rs. 80. These boards are fixed to the trees on both sides of the village road at a height of about 10 feet from ground level. These boards attract the attention of slow moving vehicles like cycles, bullock carts and tractors and people walking on the road. The condition of roads, even the buses move at slow speed through village road. Fertilizer and pesticide companies in rural areas extensively use tree boards. These are low priced promotion items and can be used by consumer goods companies too. [pic] These media with effective reach and personalized communication will help in realizing the promotional objectives. Companies to suit the specific requirements of rural communication are using a variety of such media effectively and some of the more important media and methods are given below. Rural people prefer face-to-face communication and farm visits facilitate two-way communication. The advantage is that the sales person can understand the needs and wants of the rural customer by directly discussing with him and answer his queries on products and services. Potential customers in the illage are identified and the company’s/distributor’s representative makes farm-to-farm visits and highlight the benefits of the products. The person carries with him literature in local language and also samples of products. The person does not sell the product but only promotes the use of the product. Very often the local dealer also joins the representative in making farm-to-farm vis its. The dealer clarifies the terms and conditions of sale and also makes independent follow up visits for securing orders. [pic] Group meetings of rural customers as well as prospects are an important part of interpersonal media. The company is able to pass on the message regarding benefits of the products to a large number of customers through such meetings. Group meeting of key customers are conducted by banks, agricultural inputs and machinery companies in rural areas. The bankers visit an identified village, get the village people in a common place and explain the various schemes to the villagers. Such meetings could be organized in prosperous villages for promoting consumer durables and two wheelers also. Example: Millat Tractors conduct a meeting for tractor owners and they meet in villages to discuss repairs and maintenance of tractors. [pic] Package is an integral part of the product. Its main purpose is to protect the product during transit, to preserve the quality and to avoid any loss in quality and quantity. The main purpose of this contest is to remind the customer to buy the product as soon as he enters the shop. Another objective is to influence the dealer to stock the product and support the company in increasing the sales. The display contest has to be announced well in advance and promotional materials to be distributed to all the selected dealers in a geographical area. Prizes for best displays are announced to motivate the dealers; the contest lasts for about a month. A well-planned product display contest not only increases the involvement of dealers in the company’s products but also increases the sales during the contest period. This is used for promoting consumer goods such as shampoos, soaps and toothpaste Each rural market segment has certain special features i. e. they share common life-style traits. They include village sports, religious events, prominent personalities and role models. Examples: Textile mills maintaining community gardens, Mineral water companies supplying clean drinking water during summer festivals in villages and Consumer goods companies sponsoring Kabaddi. pic] PACKAGING: The Silent sales man: What does a sales man do when you go to a shop or he comes to your house, he first s how’s you the product then starts to tell you the features of the product like its brand name, method of production, ingredients (if it is eatable), price etc. In short he tries to persuade you to buy his product, this same activity is performed by packets of any product but without any use of language this is called silent salesman ship Thus we say that â€Å"packaging – A silent salesman† pic] Packaging is done for the three reasons: 1) To protect the product 2) To make the product easy to carry 3) To make the product attractive. Pencils do not require heavy packaging but still we have come up with the two packaging strategies for our pencils: 1) To have a packet of 3 pencils sets 2) To have a packet of 10 pencils sets. The rural Bangladesh is not much developed; hence their purchasing power is also not high. Hence, for their convenience we have come up with these packaging strategies. This was also done to reduce the cost of the product so as to supply the product at cheap rates and also for a profitable deal for our company. FEATURES OF PENCIL The pencil is used for writing and if the writing is not dark i. e. it is light then the reader will not be able to understand the written matter. Hence we have invented the pencil which would be darker than any other pencil. The goods which are cheaply available with no compromise in quality then those goods or products are liked by every consumer. This is the reason why we are coming up with a pencil which would be cheaper. The body of the pencil would be covered with velvet piece or a rubber piece to make the pencil body of either velvet or rubber. This is the extra feature added because this would help the writer to have a firm hold over the pencil and to write faster. The body and its shape also add to the beauty of the product. Hence it is said that in the business world what ever is seen is taken. So the shape or the body of the pencil would be squared shaped which is not at all seen in the market till the date. The pencil is seemed to be incomplete without the rubber. The writer might commit a mistake while writing and hence to correct the same rubber is provided at the end point of the pencil so that there is not an extra expenditure on the purchase of the rubbers. This pencil would be extra long then any other pencil and also at the minimum cost. So with that the buyer would be able to enjoy the good writer pencil for a longer period of time. This pencil would be available at each and every store of the rural market so that there are no extra efforts taken by the customer to come at a long distance for the purchase of this unique pencil. The pencil is a kind of a product which is mostly used by children and the children enjoy watching cartoons or such characters which seems to be funny. So then the children are going to get their favorite cartoon characters on this lovely pencil which is effectively made for kids but it is not that only kids could enjoy the writing with this pencil but it is for everyone to enjoy the writing with this pencil. The pencil has come up with new innovative feature of fragrance. This means that kids will enjoy good hand writing with sweet fragrance. This is an added advantage to our product as this idea is not applied to any of the pencil to the date. [pic] Conclusion: Thus looking at the challenges and the opportunities which rural markets offer to the marketers it can be said that the future is very promising for those who can understand the dynamics of rural markets and exploit them to their best advantage. A radical change in attitudes of marketers towards the vibrant and burgeoning rural markets is called for, so they can successfully impress on the millions rural consumers spread over approximately thousands of villages in rural Bangladesh. Eurosif European Social Investment Hamida Kawser Student of UIU Second samaster BBA Departmeny Road Number 27 Dhanmondi Dhaka 30. 03. 2013 Respected Sir. I am submitting you my report on automobile companies and associated risk and opportunities these pose for long-term return. Perpose behind preparing automobile report is to have an idea about how automobile companies grew through decades. So that we can use this quality information in Bangladesh industry and even in our personnal business field. [pic] [pic] [pic]